Cultivation of cannabis continues in virtually every country worldwide, but certain dynamics may be discerned at global level.

• Trends reported on cannabis cultivation, as reported by Member States, suggest a prevalent increasing trend as of 2020, followed by a slowing down and apparent decline through to 2023, as the number of countries reporting increases in cannabis cultivation declined while those reporting declines increased. However, this trend was partially reversed in 2024.
• The perceived availability of cannabis among high-school students declined between 2019 and 2024 in the United States and Europe, with declines reported in 30 out of 35 ESPAD countries – broadly in line with Member States’ reports on cannabis cultivation discussed above.
• There seem to be only very few countries which do not have any cannabis cultivation, but it is equally true that the extent of cannabis cultivation is not the same across all countries. As in previous years, UNODC identified countries at the subregional level which are likely to have sizeable areas under cannabis cultivation, based on both direct indicators, such as cultivation estimates, and indirect indicators, such as eradication, seizures of cannabis plants or reports on the origin of cannabis seized.